محاضرة م داليا 2

Title :- Composition

Stage :- Second Stage

1. The ability to write simple , compound , complex , compound – complex sentence .
2. To know the qualities of a good sentence .
3. The ability to write a narrative or descriptive composition about 80 words .
4. The ability to use the punctuation marks .

The subject :- Punctuation marks

( Non – end punctuation marks (comma) )

• Definition about the comma :- Comma indicates a brief pause ; that would occur if the sentence were spoken aloud other times , the comma separates grammatical components of the sentence . Finally , there are mechanical and stylistic uses of the comma that are simply conventional .
• The main uses of the comma are as follows :-
• When the adjective define defines or restricts the reference commas should not be used .
  • –There is the car which I sold yesterday .
• There are three common errors in the use of the comma . They are :-

• 1-To separate the items in an enumeration :

  e.g : Baghdad , Mosul , Kirkuk , and Basrah are the largest towns in Iraq .

  • –Shaw’s best plays include St. Joan , Man and Superman , Heart break House , and Arms and the Man .
  • –We can go to Basrah by rail , by road , or by air .
  • –The air was raw , dark , and grey .
  • –We arrived , looked round , and were thoroughly disgusted .
• 2-To mark off nouns used in address .
  • –I think , sir , that you are wrong .
• 3-To make off words or phrases in apposition .
  • –Baghdad , the capital of Iraq , is a very interesting city .
• 4-To mark off participle phrases :-
  • –Having finished my business , I returned home .
• 5-To mark off words and phrases like however , indeed , therefore , too , for instance , no doubt , in fact , of course when they are used as a sides , or interpolations .
  • –This proved , however , to be a mistake .
  • –He was , in fact , the best student in the class .
  • –I noticed , too , that he was very popular with his classmates .
  • –He realised , of course , that I was angry .
• 6-In complex sentences to separate an adverb clause from the main clause .
  • –Although it was already getting dark , Tom set out through the forest .
• 7-In double sentences to separate a non – defining relative clause from its antecedent .
  • –My father , who is an old sailor , often tells me stories about the sea .
  • –The elder boy , walking suddenly at the unusual noise , sat bolt upright in bed .
• 8-In direct speech , where a break is made in the speech to indicate who is speaking :-
  • –“you can say” , she said , “exactly what you please” .

a- The use of a comma to separate a subject from its verb .

b- The use of a comma to separate a verb from its object .

c- The use of a comma to separate a defining , or restrictive , relative clause from its antecedent .